Professor
Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA
Qualifications:
PhD in Applied Physics / area of Earth observation - 2012 MSc in Applied Physics / radiative transfer processes - 2009 MSc in Environmental management - 2007 BSc in Marine Sciences - 2005
My research interests predominantly lie in the areas of light propagation and light-matter interaction in natural waters and in the use of near-ground, airborne and satellite remote sensing (RS) of aquatic environments including lakes, estuaries, coastal zones and open seas. While my research is centrered around RS and underwater light climate, my scienti¿c objectives are driven by fundamental questions on dynamics and processes in aquatic ecosystems and on the impact of human and climate induced environmental change on them.
My research is currently span the following areas of Earth observation: (i) RS (from satellite and airborne platforms) of marine, inland and transitional aquatic environments; (ii) bio-optical properties and radiative transfer process in optically-complex waters; (iii) retrieval of in-water optically-active constituents (algal pigments, mineral particles, coloured dissolved organic matter) (iv) arti¿cial intelligence; (v) development of operational regional and global scale satellite data products (vi) monitoring and sensors technology (vii) applications to energy and transportation, aquaculture and ¿sheries
AQUASoS; an integrative scalable interdisciplinary approach for climate resilient sustainable aquaculture
PI: Professor Simon MacKenzie
Funded by: Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
–
SenseH2O: a scalable, integrated systems-based approach to monitoring water quality from headwaters to river outlets
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–
ESA_CCI_ESpyrakos Baseline
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Space Agency
–
Water scenarios - For Copernicus Exploitation (Water-FORCE)
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–
ENVRI-FAIR
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–
Copernicus Evolution – Research for Transitional-water Observations
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–
Multiscale Observation Networks for Optical Monitoring of Coastal Waters, Lakes and Estuaries
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–
ESA CNN - CCI LAKES + Consistency
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Space Agency
–
Assessing Land-Marine Carbon fluxes in the Arctic from Space
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: Scottish Government
–
LIMNADES DATA BASED DEVELOPMENT
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: World Bank Group
–
Commercial service platform for user-relevant coastal water monitoring services based on Earth observation
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–
Delivering Resilience to Climate Impacts on UK Freshwater Quality
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–
Earth Observation based services for Monitoring and Reporting of Ecological Status
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–
Preparatory Phase for the Pan-European Research Infrastructure Danubius–RI “The International Centre for Advanced Studies on River-Sea Systems
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–
The supply of Operational Regional Satellite Estimates of Coastal Turbidity –UK (ORSECT)
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: Plymouth Marine Laboratory
–
Article
Are more data always better? – Machine learning forecasting of algae based on long-term observations
Atton Beckmann D, Werther M, Mackay EB, Spyrakos E, Hunter P & Jones ID (2025) Are more data always better? – Machine learning forecasting of algae based on long-term observations. Journal of Environmental Management, 373, Art. No.: 123478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123478
Article
What time is the tide? The importance of tides for ocean colour applications to estuaries
Sent G, Antunes C, Spyrakos E, Jackson T, Atwood EC & Brito AC (2025) What time is the tide? The importance of tides for ocean colour applications to estuaries. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 37, Art. No.: 101425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101425
Article
White S, Silva T, Amoudry LO, Spyrakos E, Martin A & Medina-Lopez E (2024) The colours of the ocean using multispectral satellite imagery to estimate sea surface temperature and salinity in global coastal areas, the gulf of Mexico and the UK. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1426547
Article
Exploring Global Remote Sensing Products for Water Quality Assessment: Lake Nicaragua case study
Baltodano A, Agramont A, Lekarkar K, Spyrakos E, Reusen I & van Griensven A (2024) Exploring Global Remote Sensing Products for Water Quality Assessment: Lake Nicaragua case study. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 36, Art. No.: 101331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101331
Article
Satellite algorithms for retrieving dissolved organic carbon concentrations in Chinese lakes
Liu D, Spyrakos E, Tyler A, Shi K & Duan H (2024) Satellite algorithms for retrieving dissolved organic carbon concentrations in Chinese lakes. Science of The Total Environment, p. 177117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177117
Article
Substantial increase of organic carbon storage in Chinese lakes
Liu D, Shi K, Chen P, Yan N, Ran L, Kutser T, Tyler AN, Spyrakos E, Woolway RI, Zhang Y & Duan H (2024) Substantial increase of organic carbon storage in Chinese lakes. Nature Communications, 15, Art. No.: 8049. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-52387-2
Article
Atwood EC, Jackson T, Laurenson A, Jonsson BF, Spyrakos E, Jiang D, Sent G, Selmes N, Simis S, Danne O, Tyler A & Groom S (2024) Framework for Regional to Global Extension of Optical Water Types for Remote Sensing of Optically Complex Transitional Water Bodies. Remote Sensing, 16 (17). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173267
Article
Jiang D, Jones I, Liu X, Simis SGH, Cretaux J, Albergel C & Spyrakos E (2024) Impacts of droughts and human activities on water quantity and quality: Remote sensing observations of Lake Qadisiyah, Iraq. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 132, Art. No.: 104021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2024.104021
Article
González Vilas L, Spyrakos E, Pazos Y & Torres Palenzuela JM (2024) A New Algorithm Using Support Vector Machines to Detect and Monitor Bloom-Forming Pseudo-nitzschia from OLCI Data. Remote Sensing, 16 (2), Art. No.: 298. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020298
Article
A century of human interventions on sediment flux variations in the Danube-Black Sea transition zone
Constantinescu AM, Tyler AN, Stanica A, Spyrakos E, Hunter PD, Catianis I & Panin N (2023) A century of human interventions on sediment flux variations in the Danube-Black Sea transition zone. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, Art. No.: 1068065. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1068065
Article
Lehmann MK, Gurlin D, Pahlevan N, Anstee J, Balasubramanian SV, Barbosa CCF, Binding C, Bracher A, Bresciani M, Burtner A, Cao Z, Dekker AG, Jiang D, Spyrakos E & Werther M (2023) GLORIA - A globally representative hyperspectral in situ dataset for optical sensing of water quality. Scientific Data, 10 (1), Art. No.: 100. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-01973-y
Article
Jiang D, Matsushita B, Pahlevan N, Gurlin D, Fichot CG, Harringmeyer J, Sent G, Brito AC, Brotas V, Werther M, Mascarenhas V, Blake M, Hunter P, Tyler A & Spyrakos E (2023) Estimating the concentration of total suspended solids in inland and coastal waters from Sentinel-2 MSI: A semi-analytical approach. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 204, pp. 362-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.09.020
Article
Water color from Sentinel-2 MSI data for monitoring large rivers: Yangtze and Danube
Wang S, Jiang X, Spyrakos E, Li J, McGlinchey C, Constantinescu AM & Tyler AN (2023) Water color from Sentinel-2 MSI data for monitoring large rivers: Yangtze and Danube. Geo-spatial Information Science, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2023.2258950
Article
De Keukelaere L, Moelans R, Knaeps E, Sterckx S, Reusen I, De Munck D, Simis SGH, Constantinescu AM, Scrieciu A, Katsouras G, Mertens W, Hunter PD, Spyrakos E & Tyler A (2023) Airborne Drones for Water Quality Mapping in Inland, Transitional and Coastal Waters-MapEO Water Data Processing and Validation. Remote Sensing, 15 (5), Art. No.: 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051345
Article
Jiang D, Scholze J, Liu X, Simis SG, Stelzer K, Müller D, Hunter P, Tyler A & Spyrakos E (2023) A data driven approach to flag land affected signals in satellite derived water quality from small lakes. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 117, Art. No.: 103188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103188
Article
Simpson MD, Marino A, de Maagt P, Gandini E, de Fockert A, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Telfer T & Tyler A (2023) Investigating the Backscatter of Marine Plastic Litter Using a C- and X-Band Ground Radar, during a Measurement Campaign in Deltares. Remote Sensing, 15 (6), p. 1654. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061654
Article
Courtecuisse E, Marchetti E, Oxborough K, Hunter PD, Spyrakos E, Tilstone GH & Simis SGH (2023) Optimising Multispectral Active Fluorescence to Distinguish the Photosynthetic Variability of Cyanobacteria and Algae. Sensors, 23 (1), Art. No.: 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010461
Article
Werther M, Odermatt D, Simis SGH, Gurlin D, Lehmann MK, Kutser T, Gupana R, Varley A, Hunter PD, Tyler AN & Spyrakos E (2022) A Bayesian approach for remote sensing of chlorophyll-a and associated retrieval uncertainty in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes. Remote Sensing of Environment, 283, Art. No.: 113295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113295
Article
Monitoring of Plastic Islands in River Environment Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data
Simpson MD, Marino A, de Maagt P, Gandini E, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Tyler A & Telfer T (2022) Monitoring of Plastic Islands in River Environment Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data. Remote Sensing, 14 (18), Art. No.: 4473. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184473
Article
Werther M, Odermatt D, Simis SGH, Gurlin D, Jorge DSF, Loisel H, Hunter PD, Tyler AN & Spyrakos E (2022) Characterising retrieval uncertainty of chlorophyll-a algorithms in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes and reservoirs. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 190, pp. 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.06.015
Article
Determination of optical markers of cyanobacterial physiology from fluorescence kinetics
Courtecuisse E, Oxborough K, Tilstone GH, Spyrakos E, Hunter PD & Simis SGH (2022) Determination of optical markers of cyanobacterial physiology from fluorescence kinetics. Journal of Plankton Research, 44 (3), pp. 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbac025
Article
Improved hyperspectral inversion of aquatic reflectance under non-uniform vertical mixing
Simis S, Hunter P, Matthews M, Spyrakos E, Tyler A & Vaiciute D (2022) Improved hyperspectral inversion of aquatic reflectance under non-uniform vertical mixing. Optics Express, 30 (6), pp. 9655-9673. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.450374
Article
Gong M, O'Donnell R, Miller C, Scott M, Simis S, Groom S, Tyler A, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Merchant C, Maberly S & Carvalho L (2022) Adaptive smoothing to identify spatial structure in global lake ecological processes using satellite remote sensing data. Spatial Statistics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spasta.2022.100615
Article
Gong M, Miller C, Scott M, O'Donnell R, Simis S, Groom S, Tyler A, Hunter P & Spyrakos E (2021) State space functional principal component analysis to identify spatiotemporal patterns in remote sensing lake water quality. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 35 (12), pp. 2521-2536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02017-w
Conference Paper (published)
Simpson M, Marino A, de Maagt P, Gandini E, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Tyler A, Ackermann N, Hajnsek I, Nunziata F & Telfer T (2021) Monitoring Surfactants Pollution Potentially Related to Plastics in the World Gyres Using Radar Remote Sensing. In: 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS. IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Brussels, Belgium, 11.07.2021-16.07.2021. Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553406
Article
Liu X, Steele C, Simis S, Warren M, Tyler A, Spyrakos E, Selmes N & Hunter P (2021) Retrieval of Chlorophyll-a concentration and associated product uncertainty in optically diverse lakes and reservoirs. Remote Sensing of Environment, 267, Art. No.: 112710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112710
Article
Werther M, Spyrakos E, Simis SGH, Odermatt D, Stelzer K, Krawczyk H, Berlage O, Hunter P & Tyler A (2021) Meta-classification of remote sensing reflectance to estimate trophic status of inland and nearshore waters. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 176, pp. 109-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.04.003
Article
Pahlevan N, Mangin A, Balasubramanian SV, Smith B, Alikas K, Arai K, Barbosa C, Bélanger S, Binding C, Bresciani M, Giardino C, Hunter P, Simis S, Spyrakos E & Tyler A (2021) ACIX-Aqua: A global assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 over lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. Remote Sensing of Environment, 258, Art. No.: 112366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112366
Article
Bellas Aláez FM, Torres Palenzuela JM, Spyrakos E & Gonzalez Vilas L (2021) Machine Learning Methods Applied to the Prediction of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Blooms in the Galician Rias Baixas (NW Spain). ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 10 (4), Art. No.: 199. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040199
Conference Paper (published)
Spyrakos E, Hunter P, Simis S, Neil C, Riddick C, Wang S, Varley A, Blake M, Groom S, Palenzuela JT, Gonzalez LV, Cardenas C, Frangopulos M, Vega XA, Iriarte JL & Tyler A (2020) Moving towards global satellite based products for monitoring of inland and coastal waters. Regional examples from Europe and South America. In: 2020 IEEE Latin American GRSS and ISPRS Remote Sensing Conference, LAGIRS 2020. IEEE Latin American GRSS & ISPRS Remote Sensing Conference (LAGIRS 2020), Santiago, Chile, 22.03.2020-26.03.2020. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. pp. 363-368. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAGIRS48042.2020.9165653
Article
Changes of water clarity in large lakes and reservoirs across China observed from long-term MODIS
Wang S, Li J, Zhang B, Lee Z, Spyrakos E, Feng L, Liu C, Zhao H, Wu Y, Zhu L, Jia L, Wan W, Zhang F, Shen Q, Tyler AN & Zhang X (2020) Changes of water clarity in large lakes and reservoirs across China observed from long-term MODIS. Remote Sensing of Environment, 247, Art. No.: 111949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111949
Article
Torres Palenzuela JM, González Vilas L, Bellas FM, Garet E, González-Fernández Á & Spyrakos E (2019) Pseudo-nitzschia Blooms in a Coastal Upwelling System: Remote Sensing Detection, Toxicity and Environmental Variables. Water, 11 (9), Art. No.: 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091954
Article
Neil C, Spyrakos E, Hunter PD & Tyler AN (2019) A global approach for chlorophyll-a retrieval across optically complex inland waters based on optical water types. Remote Sensing of Environment, 229, pp. 159-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.027
Article
Standardized spectral and radiometric calibration of consumer cameras
Burggraaff O, Schmidt N, Zamorano J, Pauly K, Pascual S, Tapia C, Spyrakos E & Snik F (2019) Standardized spectral and radiometric calibration of consumer cameras. Optics Express, 27 (14), pp. 19075-19101. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.019075
Article
Warren MA, Simis SGH, Martinez-Vicente V, Poser K, Bresciani M, Alikas K, Spyrakos E, Giardino C & Ansper A (2019) Assessment of atmospheric correction algorithms for the Sentinel-2A MultiSpectral Imager over coastal and inland waters. Remote Sensing of Environment, 225, pp. 267-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.03.018
Article
Nonparametric statistical downscaling for the fusion of data of different spatiotemporal support
Wilkie CJ, Miller CA, Scott EM, O'Donnell RA, Hunter PD, Spyrakos E & Tyler AN (2019) Nonparametric statistical downscaling for the fusion of data of different spatiotemporal support. Environmetrics, 30 (3), Art. No.: e2549. https://doi.org/10.1002/env.2549
Article
The potential hidden age of dissolved organic carbon exported by peatland streams
Dean JF, Garnett MH, Spyrakos E & Billett MF (2019) The potential hidden age of dissolved organic carbon exported by peatland streams. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 124 (2), pp. 328-341. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004650
Article
Trophic state assessment of global inland waters using a MODIS-derived Forel-Ule index
Wang S, Li J, Zhang B, Spyrakos E, Tyler AN, Shen Q, Zhang F, Kuster T, Lehmann MK, Wu Y & Peng D (2018) Trophic state assessment of global inland waters using a MODIS-derived Forel-Ule index. Remote Sensing of Environment, 217, pp. 444-460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.026
Article
Optical types of inland and coastal waters
Spyrakos E, O'Donnell R, Hunter P, Miller C, Scott EM, Simis S, Neil C, Barbosa C, Binding C, Bradt S, Bresciani M, Dall'Olmo G, Giardino C, Gitelson A, Kutser T, Li L, Matsushita B, Martinez-Vicente V, Matthews M, Ogashawara I, Ruiz-Verdu A, Schalles J, Tebbs E, Zhang Y & Tyler A (2018) Optical types of inland and coastal waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 63 (2), pp. 846-870. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10674
Article
Aulló-Maestro ME, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Mercatoris P, Kovács AW, Horváth H, Preston T, Présing M, Torres Palenzuela J & Tyler A (2017) Spatio-seasonal variability of chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption and responses to photobleaching in a large shallow temperate lake. Biogeosciences, 14 (5), pp. 1215-1233. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1215-2017
Article
Markelin L, Simis S, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Tyler A, Clewley D & Groom S (2016) Atmospheric Correction Performance of Hyperspectral Airborne Imagery over a Small Eutrophic Lake under Changing Cloud Cover. Remote Sensing, 9 (1), Art. No.: 2. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/9/1/2/htm; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010002
Article
Tyler A, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Groom S, Constantinescu A & Kitchen J (2016) Developments in Earth observation for the assessment and monitoring of inland, transitional, coastal and shelf-sea waters. Science of the Total Environment, 572, pp. 1307-1321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.020
Article
Aullo-Maestro ME, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Mercatoris P, Kovacs AW, Horvath H, Preston T, Presing M, Torres-Palenzuela JM & Tyler A (2016) Spatio-seasonal variability of chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption and responses to photobleaching in a large shallow temperate lake. Biogeosciences. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-329
Conference Paper (published)
Data Fusion of Remote-sensing and In-lake chlorophyll a Data Using Statistical Downscaling
Wilkie CJ, Scott EM, Miller C, Tyler AN, Hunter PD & Spyrakos E (2015) Data Fusion of Remote-sensing and In-lake chlorophyll a Data Using Statistical Downscaling. In: Procedia Environmental Sciences, volume 26. Spatial Statistics conference 2015, Avignon, France, 09.06.2015-12.06.2015. Elsevier BV, pp. 123-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.05.014
Article
Palmer S, Hunter P, Lankester T, Hubbard S, Spyrakos E, Tyler A, Presing M, Horvath H, Lamb A, Balzter H & Toth V (2015) Validation of Envisat MERIS algorithms for chlorophyll retrieval in a large, turbid and optically-complex shallow lake. Remote Sensing of Environment, 157, pp. 158-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.07.024
Article
González Vilas L, Spyrakos E, Torres Palenzuela JM & Pazos Y (2014) Support Vector Machine-based method for predicting Pseudo-nitzschia spp. blooms in coastal waters (Galician rias, NW Spain). Progress in Oceanography, 124, pp. 66-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.03.003
Article
Spyrakos E, Frangópulos M, Barreiro A & Guisande C (2013) Modelling paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) transfer and accumulation in populations of two planktonic grazers. Harmful Algae, 26, pp. 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.04.003
Article
Spyrakos E, González Vilas L, Torres Palenzuela JM & Barton ED (2011) Remote sensing chlorophyll a of optically complex waters (rias Baixas, NW Spain): Application of a regionally specific chlorophyll a algorithm for MERIS full resolution data during an upwelling cycle. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115 (10), pp. 2471-2485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.008
Article
Spatiotemporal patterns of marine mammal distribution in coastal waters of Galicia, NW Spain
Spyrakos E, Santos-Diniz TC, Martinez-Iglesias G, Torres-Palenzuela JM & Pierce GJ (2011) Spatiotemporal patterns of marine mammal distribution in coastal waters of Galicia, NW Spain. Hydrobiologia, 670 (1), pp. 87-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0722-4
Article
Frangópulos M, Spyrakos E & Guisande C (2011) Ingestion and clearance rates of the red Noctiluca scintillans fed on the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Halim). Harmful Algae, 10 (3), pp. 304-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2010.11.002
Article
González Vilas L, Spyrakos E & Torres Palenzuela JM (2011) Neural network estimation of chlorophyll a from MERIS full resolution data for the coastal waters of Galician rias (NW Spain). Remote Sensing of Environment, 115 (2), pp. 524-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.09.021
Associate Fellow of the Higher Education Academy (AFHEA)
Higher Education Academy