Professor Andrew Tyler

Scotland Hydro Nation Chair

Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA

Professor Andrew Tyler

Contact details

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http://www.stir.ac.uk/people/antyler

About me

Scotland Hydro Nation Chair

My role is to provide the leadership to forge the collaborative relationships across the Scottish water sector to deliver the solutions for sustainable water management in Scotland, including going beyond net zero. I am also the academic Director for Scotland’s International Environment Centre, with a mission to drive inclusive growth and support the net zero carbon agenda by bringing the environment to the heart of decision making. My team are also pioneering in transforming the use of Earth observation technologies for quantifying water quality and quantity at local and global scales. I also lead the UK’s input into the Pan-European Research Infrastructure on River-Sea systems (DANUBIUS-RI). I also built the ISO 17025 accredited Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, which supports the activities UK environment regulators and industry.

Award

Decorated by the President of Romania: Order of Cultural Merit for leadership in building the DANUBIUS-RI pan European Research Infrastructure on River-Sea Systems
www.danubius-ri.eu

Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
The Royal Society of Edinburgh
https://www.rse.org.uk

Community Contribution

Research Excellence Framework (REF) Sub Panel Member: C14 Geography and Environmental Studies (practising researcher)

Convener of IEC working group

Convener of IEC Working Group B5 (IEC standards for environmental radiation measurements). Received the IEC 1906 Award for most effective Manager 2015. Particle Recovery Advisory Group (Dounreay): PRAG(D). Advise SEPA and Dounreay on beach and offshore hot particle recovery programme

International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)

Committee member of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)

Excellent Leadership Award (IEC)

IEC 1906 Award for Excellent Leadership of WG5 and Project Leader for IEC 61275 and IEC 52438 (International Electrotechnical Commission)

Dalgety Bay Particle Advisory Group
Member of the Dalgety Bay Particle Advisory Group. Assessing for hazard and risk.

GEO AauaWatch Initiative
GEO AquaWatch: GEO Initiative. Work Package lead - Capacity Building.

Particle Recovery Advisory Group (Dounreay): PRAG(D).
Particle Recovery Advisory Group (Dounreay): PRAG(D). Advise SEPA and Dounreay on beach and offshore hot particle recovery programme

Research (43)

I led the NERC consortium Global Observatory of Lake Responses to Environmental Change (GloboLakes; NE/J024279/1; 2012-2018), which is delivering the world’s first operational processing system (CALIMNOS) of EO data at a global scale to answer fundamental questions on the factors influencing the ecological status of inland waters. This development was only possibly by building a community of over 30 international partners to share data to enable the development the dynamic algorithms that can now be applied at the global scale. The approach exploits the European Space Agency Sentinel Satellites 2 and 3 and now presents a new paradigm for monitoring inland water quality. GloboLakes is recognised as world leading and working closely with European colleagues we levered additional funding including EU FP7 INFORM (2013-2017). New funding through the EU Horizon 2020 and NERC now brings this capability to end users through two Horizon 2020 funded projects: Earth Observation-Based Services for Monitoring and Reporting of Ecological Status (EOMORES; 2017-2020) and a Commercial service platform for user-relevant coastal water monitoring services based on Earth observation (CoastObs; 2017-2020). A third H2020 project combines in-situ and EO capability to deliver Multiscale Observation Networks for Optical monitoring of Coastal Waters, Lakes and Estuaries (MONOCLE; 2018-2022). I lead the UK’s contribution to the fourth H2020 project, a preparatory phase project for the DANUBIUS-IR, which is delivering the pan-European infrastructure on River Sea Systems, which has ESFRI status. DANUBIUS-RI includes the development of a UK led observation node and supersites in the Thames and Tay estuaries to support research across Europe. A new H2020 project CERTO, exploits Copernicus satellites and extend water quality services and user communities focussing on transitional waters

Projects

SenseH2O: a scalable, integrated systems-based approach to monitoring water quality from headwaters to river outlets
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–

Hydro Nation Chair
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Scottish Water
–

Maximising synergies of Ecological Restoration in a Landscape context: INnovation, upscaling and transformation
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

Water scenarios - For Copernicus Exploitation (Water-FORCE)
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

ENVRI-FAIR
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

Copernicus Evolution – Research for Transitional-water Observations
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

Multiscale Observation Networks for Optical Monitoring of Coastal Waters, Lakes and Estuaries
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

ESA CNN - CCI LAKES + Consistency
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Space Agency
–

Assessing Land-Marine Carbon fluxes in the Arctic from Space
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: Scottish Government
–

LIMNADES DATA BASED DEVELOPMENT
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: World Bank Group
–

Commercial service platform for user-relevant coastal water monitoring services based on Earth observation
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

HotScot Seedcorn
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: UK Research and Innovation
–

Delivering Resilience to Climate Impacts on UK Freshwater Quality
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–

Earth Observation based services for Monitoring and Reporting of Ecological Status
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

Preparatory Phase for the Pan-European Research Infrastructure Danubius–RI “The International Centre for Advanced Studies on River-Sea Systems
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

The supply of Operational Regional Satellite Estimates of Coastal Turbidity –UK (ORSECT)
PI: Professor Evangelos Spyrakos
Funded by: Plymouth Marine Laboratory
–

TRansfer-Exposure-Effects
PI: Professor David Copplestone
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–

The provision of a radiological habits survey around Dounreay, Caithness
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–

Global Observatory of Lake responses to Environmental change (Globolakes)
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–

Provision of Radiological Habit Surveys
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–

Cultural Landscape risk Identification, Management and Assessment
PI: Dr Clare Wilson
Funded by: Arts and Humanities Research Council
–

Improved monitoring and forecasting of European INland waters by combining Future earth ObseRvation
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

Radiological Habit Surveys
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–

Reconstructing the changing impact of the Danube on the Black Sea and Coastal Region (ReCoReD)
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

International cooperation in the context of Sentinel-3 Ocean and Land Colour Imager (OLCI) validation studies over lake
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–

DANube macroregion: Capacity building and Excellence in River Systems (basin, delta and sea)
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: European Commission (Horizon 2020)
–

Review of statistical methods for radioactive particle beach monitoring
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Sellafield Ltd
–

The Flow Country Peatlands: Studying the past to shape the future
PI:
Funded by: The Carnegie Trust
–

Radioactive particle monitoring statistical techniques
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: University of Glasgow
–

Standby monitoring services for radionuclides - Dalgety Bay
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–

Algal Bloom Pilot Project
PI: Professor Peter Hunter
Funded by: Freshwater Biological Association
–

Commonwealth Scholarship
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Association of Commonwealth Universities
–

Standby monitoring services for radionuclides - sewage pellet analysis
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–

International Literature Review to Support the Development of a Health and Environmental Sustainability Framework for Scotland
PI:
Funded by: Scottish Government
–

Doses from Radium Particles: Dalgety Bay
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Cyanobacterial Blooms in the eutrophic waters of Lake and Kis Balaton, Hungary
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: The Carnegie Trust
–

Strategies to manage toxic cyanobacterial blooms in lakes: remote sensing, modelling and cost benefit analysis
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–

Human Impact of Cyanobactira in the fresh water environment.
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Natural Environment Research Council
–

Support for radiometric data processing for UKSHS
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Environment Agency
–

Investigating the relationship between concentrations of od beta/gamma emitting radionuclides in the Ribble estuary sediments and consequential doses to people on house boats
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: SKM Enviros
–

Reconstructing the Ecology of Lakes Impacted by Catchment Change and Eutrophic Episodes: Restoring Good Ecological Status in large shallow lakes
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
–

Sediment Mobility in the Lunan Catchment
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
–

Provision of a multiple discharge effect water treatment plant sampling project
PI: Professor Andrew Tyler
Funded by: SKM Enviros
–

Outputs (99)

Outputs

Article

Estimating the concentration of total suspended solids in inland and coastal waters from Sentinel-2 MSI: A semi-analytical approach

Jiang D, Matsushita B, Pahlevan N, Gurlin D, Fichot CG, Harringmeyer J, Sent G, Brito AC, Brotas V, Werther M, Mascarenhas V, Blake M, Hunter P, Tyler A & Spyrakos E (2023) Estimating the concentration of total suspended solids in inland and coastal waters from Sentinel-2 MSI: A semi-analytical approach. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 204, pp. 362-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.09.020

Article

Airborne Drones for Water Quality Mapping in Inland, Transitional and Coastal Waters-MapEO Water Data Processing and Validation

De Keukelaere L, Moelans R, Knaeps E, Sterckx S, Reusen I, De Munck D, Simis SGH, Constantinescu AM, Scrieciu A, Katsouras G, Mertens W, Hunter PD, Spyrakos E & Tyler A (2023) Airborne Drones for Water Quality Mapping in Inland, Transitional and Coastal Waters-MapEO Water Data Processing and Validation. Remote Sensing, 15 (5), Art. No.: 1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051345

Article

A Bayesian approach for remote sensing of chlorophyll-a and associated retrieval uncertainty in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes

Werther M, Odermatt D, Simis SGH, Gurlin D, Lehmann MK, Kutser T, Gupana R, Varley A, Hunter PD, Tyler AN & Spyrakos E (2022) A Bayesian approach for remote sensing of chlorophyll-a and associated retrieval uncertainty in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes. Remote Sensing of Environment, 283, Art. No.: 113295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113295

Article

State space functional principal component analysis to identify spatiotemporal patterns in remote sensing lake water quality

Gong M, Miller C, Scott M, O'Donnell R, Simis S, Groom S, Tyler A, Hunter P & Spyrakos E (2021) State space functional principal component analysis to identify spatiotemporal patterns in remote sensing lake water quality. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 35 (12), pp. 2521-2536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02017-w

Conference Proceeding

Monitoring Surfactants Pollution Potentially Related to Plastics in the World Gyres Using Radar Remote Sensing

Simpson M, Marino A, de Maagt P, Gandini E, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Tyler A, Ackermann N, Hajnsek I, Nunziata F & Telfer T (2021) Monitoring Surfactants Pollution Potentially Related to Plastics in the World Gyres Using Radar Remote Sensing. In: 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS. IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Brussels, Belgium, 11.07.2021-16.07.2021. Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9553406

Article

ACIX-Aqua: A global assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 over lakes, rivers, and coastal waters

Pahlevan N, Mangin A, Balasubramanian SV, Smith B, Alikas K, Arai K, Barbosa C, Bélanger S, Binding C, Bresciani M, Giardino C, Hunter P, Simis S, Spyrakos E & Tyler A (2021) ACIX-Aqua: A global assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 over lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. Remote Sensing of Environment, 258, Art. No.: 112366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112366

Conference Proceeding

Moving towards global satellite based products for monitoring of inland and coastal waters. Regional examples from Europe and South America

Spyrakos E, Hunter P, Simis S, Neil C, Riddick C, Wang S, Varley A, Blake M, Groom S, Palenzuela JT, Gonzalez LV, Cardenas C, Frangopulos M, Vega XA, Iriarte JL & Tyler A (2020) Moving towards global satellite based products for monitoring of inland and coastal waters. Regional examples from Europe and South America. In: 2020 IEEE Latin American GRSS and ISPRS Remote Sensing Conference, LAGIRS 2020. IEEE Latin American GRSS & ISPRS Remote Sensing Conference (LAGIRS 2020), Santiago, Chile, 22.03.2020-26.03.2020. Piscataway, NJ, USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. pp. 363-368. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAGIRS48042.2020.9165653

Article

Optical types of inland and coastal waters

Spyrakos E, O'Donnell R, Hunter P, Miller C, Scott EM, Simis S, Neil C, Barbosa C, Binding C, Bradt S, Bresciani M, Dall'Olmo G, Giardino C, Gitelson A, Kutser T, Li L, Matsushita B, Martinez-Vicente V, Matthews M, Ogashawara I, Ruiz-Verdu A, Schalles J, Tebbs E, Zhang Y & Tyler A (2018) Optical types of inland and coastal waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 63 (2), pp. 846-870. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10674

Article

Spectral Characteristics for Estimation Heavy Metals Accumulation in Wheat Plants and Grain

Amer M, Tyler A, Fouda T, Hunter P, Elmetwalli AMH, Wilson C & Vallejo-Marín M (2017) Spectral Characteristics for Estimation Heavy Metals Accumulation in Wheat Plants and Grain. Scientific Papers Series: Management, Economic Engineering and Rural Development, 17 (3), pp. 47-55. http://managementjournal.usamv.ro/index.php/scientific-papers/1451-spectral-characteristics-for-estimation-heavy-metals-accumulation-in-wheat-plants-and-grain-1451

Article

Spatio-seasonal variability of chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption and responses to photobleaching in a large shallow temperate lake

Aulló-Maestro ME, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Mercatoris P, Kovács AW, Horváth H, Preston T, Présing M, Torres Palenzuela J & Tyler A (2017) Spatio-seasonal variability of chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption and responses to photobleaching in a large shallow temperate lake. Biogeosciences, 14 (5), pp. 1215-1233. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1215-2017

Article

Spatio-seasonal variability of chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption and responses to photobleaching in a large shallow temperate lake

Aullo-Maestro ME, Hunter P, Spyrakos E, Mercatoris P, Kovacs AW, Horvath H, Preston T, Presing M, Torres-Palenzuela JM & Tyler A (2016) Spatio-seasonal variability of chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption and responses to photobleaching in a large shallow temperate lake. Biogeosciences. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2016-329

Article

Assessment of physicochemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

Vincent-Akpu IF, Tyler A, Wilson C & Mackinnon G (2015) Assessment of physicochemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 97 (2), pp. 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2015.1041526

Article

Spatial variability of absorption coefficients over a biogeochemical gradient in a large and optically complex shallow lake

Riddick C, Hunter P, Tyler A, Martinez-Vicente V, Horvath H, Kovacs AW, Voros L, Preston T & Presing M (2015) Spatial variability of absorption coefficients over a biogeochemical gradient in a large and optically complex shallow lake [Light absorption in Lake Balaton]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 120 (10), pp. 7040-7066. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011202

Article

The effect of risk perception on public preferences and willingness to pay for reductions in the health risks posed by toxic cyanobacterial blooms

Hunter P, Hanley N, Czajkowski M, Mearns KJ, Tyler A, Carvalho L & Codd G (2012) The effect of risk perception on public preferences and willingness to pay for reductions in the health risks posed by toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Science of the Total Environment, 426, pp. 32-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.017

Article

Landscape-scale controls on the spatial distribution of caesium 137: A study based on an airborne geophysical survey across Northern Ireland

Rawlins BG, Scheib C, Beamish D, Webster R, Tyler A & Young ME (2011) Landscape-scale controls on the spatial distribution of caesium 137: A study based on an airborne geophysical survey across Northern Ireland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 36 (2), pp. 158-169. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.2026/abstract; https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2026

Article

Mapping macrophytic vegetation in shallow lakes using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI)

Hunter P, Gilvear D, Tyler A, Willby N & Kelly A (2010) Mapping macrophytic vegetation in shallow lakes using the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI). Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20 (7), pp. 717-727. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.1144/abstract;jsessionid=9A60C3A3A526B76FA9ABCD6D7B39D6C4.d03t03; https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.1144

Article

Reconstructing the abundance of Dounreay hot particles on an adjacent public beach in Northern Scotland

Tyler A, Scott EM, Dale P, Elliott AT, Wilkins BT, Boddy K, Toole J & Cartwright P (2010) Reconstructing the abundance of Dounreay hot particles on an adjacent public beach in Northern Scotland. Science of the Total Environment, 408 (20), pp. 4495-4503. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969710005942; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.06.004

Article

Strategies for monitoring and managing mass populations of toxic cyanobacteria in recreational waters: a multi-interdisciplinary approach

Tyler A, Hunter P, Carvalho L, Codd G, Elliott JA, Ferguson CA, Hanley N, Hopkins D, Maberly SC, Mearns KJ & Scott EM (2009) Strategies for monitoring and managing mass populations of toxic cyanobacteria in recreational waters: a multi-interdisciplinary approach. Environmental Health, 8 (Suppl 1), p. S11. http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/S1/S11; https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-S1-S11

Book Chapter

In situ and airborne gamma-ray spectrometry

Tyler A (2008) In situ and airborne gamma-ray spectrometry. In: Povinec P (ed.) Analysis of Environmental Radionuclides. Radioactivity in the Environment, 11. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 407-448. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569486007110135

Article

The spatial dynamics of vertical migration by Microcystis aeruginosa in a eutrophic shallow lake: A case study using high spatial resolution time-series airborne remote sensing

Hunter P, Tyler A, Willby N & Gilvear D (2008) The spatial dynamics of vertical migration by Microcystis aeruginosa in a eutrophic shallow lake: A case study using high spatial resolution time-series airborne remote sensing. Limnology and Oceanography, 53 (6), pp. 2391-2406. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.6.2391

Article

Remote sensing of the water quality of shallow lakes: A mixture modelling approach to quantifying phytoplankton in water characterized by high-suspended sediment

Tyler A, Svab E, Preston T, Presing M & Kovacs AW (2006) Remote sensing of the water quality of shallow lakes: A mixture modelling approach to quantifying phytoplankton in water characterized by high-suspended sediment. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 27 (8), pp. 1521-1537. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431160500419311; https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160500419311

Book Chapter

Landscape development and the Medieval coastline

Tipping R, Davies A, Dawson A, Smith D, Tisdall E & Tyler A (2004) Landscape development and the Medieval coastline. In: Brann M (ed.) Excavations at Caerlaverock Old Castle 1998-99. Dumfries: Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, pp. 9-15.

Book Chapter

Medieval coastal impacts on Caerlaverock Castle

Tipping R, Davies A, Dawson A, Dawson S, Kontrowitz M, Smith DE, Tisdall E & Tyler A (2004) Medieval coastal impacts on Caerlaverock Castle. In: Brann M (ed.) Excavations at Caerlaverock Old Castle 1998-99. Dumfries: Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, pp. 99-109.

Book Chapter

The replication of pollen stratigraphies in soil pollen profiles: a test

Long DJ, Tipping R, Carter S, Davidson D, Boag B & Tyler A (2000) The replication of pollen stratigraphies in soil pollen profiles: a test. In: Harley M, Morton C & Blackmore S (eds.) Pollen and Spores: Morphology and Biology. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, pp. 481-497. http://www.kewbooks.co.uk/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=21

Article

The influence of surface and interstitial moisture on the spectral characteristics of intertidal sediments: implications for airborne image acquisition and processing

Tyler A, Rainey MP, Bryant RG, Gilvear D & McDonald P (2000) The influence of surface and interstitial moisture on the spectral characteristics of intertidal sediments: implications for airborne image acquisition and processing. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21 (16), pp. 3025-3038. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431160050144938; https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160050144938

Book Chapter

Testing the potential of soil-stratigraphic palynology in podsols

Tipping R, Long DJ, Carter S, Davidson D, Tyler A & Boag B (1999) Testing the potential of soil-stratigraphic palynology in podsols. In: Pollard A (ed.) Geoarchaeology: exploration, environments, resources. Geological Society Special Publication, 165. Bath: Geological Society of London, pp. 79-90. http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/en/Publications/Bookshop/Search/SP165.aspx?ec_trk=followlist&ec_trk_data=Search; https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.165.01.06

Article

Archaeological sites: Assessment of erosion risk

Davidson D, Grieve I, Tyler A, Barclay GJ & Maxwell GS (1998) Archaeological sites: Assessment of erosion risk. Journal of Archaeological Science, 25 (9), pp. 857-860. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440397902235; https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1997.0223