Do facial gestures, visibility or speed of movement influence gaze following responses in pigtail macaques?

Citation

Paukner A, Anderson J, Fogassi L & Ferrari PF (2007) Do facial gestures, visibility or speed of movement influence gaze following responses in pigtail macaques?. Primates, 48 (3), pp. 241-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-006-0024-z

Abstract
This study investigated whether a human model's facial gestures, speed of head turn and visibility of face influenced gaze-following responses (GFR) in pigtail macaques. A human provided gaze cues by turning her head 90 degrees in one of four directions. Head turns were immediately followed by a facial movement (pucker, eyebrow raise, tongue protrusion, neutral), or were executed swiftly (< 0.5 s), slowly (3 s) or whilst facing away from the monkeys. All monkeys reliably followed the gaze in all conditions with no differences between conditions. A greater frequency of GFR was found in females compared to males, and two hypotheses for this finding are discussed.

Keywords
3; CUE; Cues; difference; DIRECTION; Face; Female; Females; gaze; gaze-following; Head; macaques; Male; MALES; Monkeys; movement; responses; speed

Journal
Primates: Volume 48, Issue 3