Adaptive differences in gene expression in European flounder (Platichthys flesus)

Citation

Larsen PF, Nielsen EE, Williams TD, Hemmer-Hansen J, Chipman JK, Kruhoffer M, Gronkjaer P, George S, Dyrskjot L & Loeschcke V (2007) Adaptive differences in gene expression in European flounder (Platichthys flesus). Molecular Ecology, 16 (22), pp. 4674-4683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03530.x

Abstract
Population structure was previously believed to be very limited or absent in classical marine fishes, but recently, evidence of weakly differentiated local populations has been accumulating using noncoding microsatellite markers. However, the evolutionary significance of such minute genetic differences remains unknown. Therefore, in order to elucidate the relationship between genetic markers and adaptive divergence among populations of marine fishes, we combined cDNA microarray and microsatellite analysis in European flounders (Platichthys flesus). We demonstrate that despite extremely low levels of neutral genetic divergence, a high number of genes were significantly differentially expressed between North Sea and Baltic Sea flounders maintained in a long-term reciprocal transplantation experiment mimicking natural salinities. Several of the differentially regulated genes could be directly linked to fitness traits. These findings demonstrate that flounders, despite little neutral genetic divergence between populations, are differently adapted to local environmental conditions and imply that adaptation in gene expression could be common in other marine organisms with similar low levels of population subdivision.

Keywords
adaptation; analysis; Atlantic cod; BALTIC SEA; BREAM SPARUS-SARBA; CDNA MICROARRAY; COD GADUS-MORHUA; difference; ENERGY-METABOLISM; evidence; experiment; expression; flounder; FRESH-WATER; gene; GENE expression; GENE-EXPRESSION; Genes; genetic; genetic population structure; high gene-flow marine organisms; LEVEL; levels; local adaptation; LONG-TERM; marine; MARINE FISHES; MARKERS; microarray; microarray analysis; microsatellite; microsatellite analysis; microsatellite markers; molecular; NATURAL VARIATION; NORTH-SEA; NUMBER; ORDER; ORGANISM; other; PLATESSA L.TELEOSTEI; Platichthys flesus; Population; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; POPULATIONS; relationship; SEA; Structure; TRAIT; Traits

Journal
Molecular Ecology: Volume 16, Issue 22