Deaths associated with restraint use in health and social care in the UK. The results of a preliminary survey

Citation

Paterson B, Bradley P, Stark C, Saddler D, Leadbetter D & Allen D (2003) Deaths associated with restraint use in health and social care in the UK. The results of a preliminary survey. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10 (1), pp. 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00523.x

Abstract
Many aspects of the management of acutely disturbed behaviour have only relatively recently come under systematic scrutiny. Perhaps regrettably one of the last amongst the range of strategies that may be employed to be subjected to rigorous examination has been physical restraint. Considerable debate has recently taken place around what represents good practice in this sensitive and controversial area but the continuing dearth of research in some aspects of this area of practice has meant that this discussion has arguably been over reliant on 'expert' opinion. Questions continue regarding some fundamental issues of restraint, including the relative risks involved in alternative approaches, and anxieties have been expressed about the potential for injuries and death to result from restraint. This article outlines the results of a survey that sought to explore the incidence of deaths associated with restraint in health and social care settings in the UK. The outcome of an initial analysis of the cases identified is then discussed, with reference to the literature on restraint-related deaths, in order to identify the implications for practice.

Keywords
Asphyxia; Death; Nursing; Restraint; Survey; Violence; cocaine; article; autopsy; body posture; delirium; human; immobilization; injury; intoxication; learning disorder; medical staff; mental health care; police; respiratory function; social care; United Kingdom; victim; Evidence-based social work Great Britain

Journal
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: Volume 10, Issue 1