Lengthy shifts and decision fatigue in out-of-hours primary care: a qualitative study

Citation

Allan J (2025) Lengthy shifts and decision fatigue in out-of-hours primary care: a qualitative study.

Abstract
Rationale: Demands on healthcare workers are high: services are stretched, shifts are long, and healthcare professionals regularly work lengthy periods without a break. Spending time continuously ‘on task’ changes decision-making in predictable ways, as described by the ‘decision fatigue’ phenomenon where decision-makers progressively shift towards making less cognitively effortful decisions as the time worked without a break increases. This phenomenon has been observed repeatedly in large quantitative observational studies, however, individual healthcare workers’ experiences have not been explored. Aims: This qualitative study aimed to explore general practitioners’ (GPs) and advanced nurse practitioners’ (ANPs) experiences of working for lengthy periods in an out-of-hours primary care service in the UK. This included exploration of self-perceived changes in decision-making throughout a work shift, and mitigating strategies used to avoid changes in decision-making over time. Design: Semi-structured interviews were conducted online. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out to identify salient issues articulated by participants. Setting and participants: The interview sample (n=10) comprised ANPs (n=5) and GPs (n=5) who regularly worked within the out-of-hours primary care service across a regional National Health Service (NHS) health board. Results: Healthcare professionals (GPs and ANPs) provided insights into their experiences during lengthy shifts and the impact of prolonged periods of work on clinical decision-making. Four main themes were identified and developed: (1) Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are aware of decision fatigue effects over the course of a shift; (2) Multiple factors help and hinder stable decision-making quality; (3) HCPs deliberately use strategies to help keep the quality of their decision-making stable; and (4) HCPs are aware of contextual changes, likely related to the decision fatigue phenomenon. Conclusions: The findings of this study underscore the intricate interplay of personal, social, and systemic factors in decision-making quality and highlight healthcare professionals' deliberate efforts to mitigate decision fatigue's effects in practice.